Citation Information :
Savani NM, Gurjar Y, Lodha N, Nathwani R. Uptake of Immunization and Its Determinants among Children of Migrant Population Residing in Amreli, Gujarat, India. Pediatr Inf Dis 2023; 5 (4):114-119.
Aim and background: Immunization stands as a cornerstone of public health advancements, offering unparalleled effectiveness and cost-efficiency. The overall known vaccination coverage of resident children in Amreli was 60.1%, as per the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5). Regardless of these efforts, an issue of inequity is observed on different platforms. This study was an effort to understand the immunization uptake and its determinants influencing the utilization of immunization services among migrant children from September 2022 to February 2023.
Materials and methods: Demographic and socioeconomic information, migration history, the child's immunization status, and the mother's usage of healthcare services were included in the questionnaire. Some of the data were taken from vaccination cards.
Results: A total of 110 eligible mothers were contacted for the survey. Children were from 12 to 60 months old. Full immunization coverage was found among 38 (34.5%) children. Among them, 26.3% (12–24 months) and 73.7% (>24–60 months) children were having full immunization. Coverage of individual vaccines was Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) (94.5%), Penta 1 (41.8%), Penta 2 (38.2%), Penta 3 (35.5%), measles and rubella 1 (MR 1) (34.5%), diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus 1 (DPT 1) (34.5%), oral polio vaccine (OPV) booster (66.4%), and MR 2 (29.1%). The major factors associated with low immunization coverage were recent migrant status (p = 0.001), male gender (p = 0.04), age <24 months (p = 0.04), and home birth (p = 0.04). The study also found that settled migrants, female children, hospital-born children, and children whose mothers received antenatal care (ANC) visits from health workers were more likely to be fully immunized.
Conclusion: The coverage among immigrants is less (34.5%) than that of children residents of Amreli (60.1%). The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to improve immunization coverage among children of migrant mothers.
Rodrigues CMC, Plotkin SA. Impact of vaccines; health, economic and social perspectives. Front Microbiol 2020;11:1526. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01526
Bhadoria AS, Mishra S, Singh M, et al. National Immunization Programme – Mission Indradhanush Programme: newer approaches and interventions. Indian J Pediatr 2019;86(7):633–688. DOI: 10.1007/s12098-019-02880-0
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. National Family. Health Survey(NFHS-5), India. Mumbai: IIPS. 2019. Available on: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR375/FR375.pdf
Kulkarni S, Thampi V, Deshmukh D, et al. Trends in urban immunization coverage in India: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Indian J Pediatr 2023;90(1):38–48. DOI: 10.1007/s12098-021-03843-0
Children in Gujarat, UNICEF India [Internet]. [cited 2023 Feb 3]; Available from: https://www.unicef.org/india/where-we-work/gujarat
Lwanga S, Stephen Kaggwa, Lemeshow, Stanley & World Health Organization. (1991). Sample size determination in health studies: a practical manual/S. K. Lwanga and S. Lemeshow. World Health Organization. Available on: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/40062
The jamovi project (2022) jamovi (Version 2.3) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org.
Hosmer DW Jr, Lemeshow S. Applied logistic regression, Third Edition. Newyork: John Wiley and Sons; 2013 Apr 1.
Gurnani V, Dhalaria P, Haldar P, et al. Comprehensive review of the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) – identifying gaps and assist in formulating improvement plan for routine immunization in few states of India. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 2021;12:100834. DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100834
Abubakar I, Aldridge RW, Devakumar D, et al. UCL–Lancet Commission on Migration and Health. The UCL-Lancet commission on migration and health: the health of a world on the move. Lancet 2018;392(10164):2606–2654. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32114-7
Geddam JB, Kommu PR, Ponna SN, et al. Immunization uptake and its determinants among the internal migrant population living in nonnotified slums of Hyderabad city, India. J Family Med Prim Care 2018;7(4):796–803. DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_146_17
Kusuma YS, Kaushal S, Sundari AB, et al. Access to childhood immunization services and its determinants among recent and settled migrants in Delhi, India. Public Health 2018;158:135–143. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.03.006
Dave B, Gajera K, Solanki H. Evaluation of Full Immunization Coverage and Effect of Migratory Pattern on Immunization of Children Residing at Construction Sites in Rajkot City, Gujarat. Ann Comm Health 2021;9(3):85–89.
Nath L, Kaur P, Tripathi S. Evaluation of the Universal Immunization Program and Challenges in Coverage of Migrant Children in Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India. Indian J Comm Med 2015;40(4):239–245. DOI: 10.4103/0970-0218.164389
Punith K, Lalitha G, Suman K, et al. Evaluation of primary immunization coverage of infants under universal immunization programme in an urban area of bangalore city using cluster sampling and lot quality assurance sampling techniques. Indian J Community Med 2008;33(3):151–155. DOI: 10.4103/0970-0218.42049
Mishra PS, Choudhary PK, Anand A. Migration and child health: understanding the coverage of child immunization among migrants across different socio-economic groups in India. Child Youth Serv Rev 2020;119:105684. DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105684
Poshattiwar RS, Anjankar A. Assessment of disruption of routine childhood immunization in developing countries due to pandemic. Cureus 2022;14(10):e30845. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30845